The termination of the legal existence of limited liability companies under the Turkish Commercial Code Nr. 6102 (“TCC”) consists of a two-stage structure: dissolution and liquidation. Upon the completion of the liquidation process, the legal personality of the company ceases with the deregistration of the trade name from the trade registry.
The most important and fundamental objective of incorporated companies is to generate profit at the end of their operating periods and to distribute such profit obtained. This objective has a nature that cannot be waived or eliminated. However, this does not mean that every profit earned must necessarily be distributed.
Under enforcement of competition law, the power to conduct on-site inspections is regarded as one of the most effective tools available to the authority for monitoring market conduct and uncovering infringements. Set out under Article 15 of Law Nr. 4054 on the Protection of Competition, this power plays a critical role particularly in detecting covert violations such as cartels and the abuse of a dominant position.
A contract signed between a lawyer and a client also constitutes a contract of mandate. However, unlike a general contract of mandate, under the Legal Practitioners Act, “fee” is an essential element of the contract.
The primary and most widely recognized function of competition law is to ensure the preservation of effective competition in markets and to prevent concentration transactions from distorting the competitive structure.
With the widespread use of digital communication tools in daily life, electronic correspondence has gained increasing importance in the formation and performance of contractual relationships. In this context, it is observed that, in rental relationships, parties agree on numerous matters—such as the rental amount, rate of increase, payment date, and conditions for renewal—through digital communications rather than formal written contracts.
The individual application mechanism is one of the most effective constitutional safeguards for the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. The purpose of an individual application to the Constitutional Court is to protect the fundamental rights of individuals whose rights and freedoms, as defined under the Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), have been violated by public authorities, and to ensure the prevention of similar violations.
In legal proceedings, proper service of process to the parties constitutes one of the fundamental elements of the right to a fair trial. In this context, service of process ensures that judicial acts are communicated to the parties and is considered one of the most important instruments of procedural law. Indeed, conducting service of process in accordance with procedural rules is essential for enabling the parties to effectively exercise their right to defense.
In certain circumstances, specific harms may arise when a medical intervention is not performed in accordance with the requirements of medical science. In such cases, the physician who performed the intervention, as well as the administration, may be held liable.
Article 490 of the Turkish Commercial Code Nr. 6102 sets out the transfer of registered shares in incorporated companies. Accordingly, unless otherwise provided by law or by the articles of association, registered shares may be transferred without being subject to any restriction. Therefore, unless provided otherwise, registered shares may be transferred through the assignment of receivables pursuant to Articles 183 et seq. of the Turkish Code of Obligations.
Article 15, titled “On-Site Inspection”, of Law Nr. 4054 on the Protection of Competition grants the Competition Board the authority to conduct on-site inspections at the premises of undertakings and associations of undertakings where it deems necessary for the fulfilment of the duties entrusted to the same under the Law.
Under tax criminal law, the offense of issuing false invoices holds significant importance both for the protection of the economic order and for ensuring fiscal discipline. Set out under Article 359 of the Tax Procedure Law Nr. 213 (TPL), this offense often appears in practice in the forms of complicity, instigation, or aiding and abetting.