In civil procedure, the subject matter of the proceedings and the relief sought are determined by the parties’ will. In civil litigation, the scope within which the court adjudicates the dispute is, as a general rule, limited to the claims submitted by the parties and the facts relied upon in support of those claims. This is a natural consequence of both party disposition and legal certainty.
Generative artificial intelligence is fundamentally transforming the traditional mechanisms of intellectual creation, making it imperative for copyright law to adapt to this new technological reality. AI models capable of generating text, images, music, videos and computer code are permanently reshaping artistic, scientific and professional activities.
Expert examination is an evidentiary mechanism set out under the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) under the heading of “Proof and Evidence,” to which courts resort when the resolution of disputes before them requires knowledge in fields outside the legal domain.
The rapid developments in digital technologies have made mobile applications an integral part of everyday life. While a wide range of services including social media, transportation, banking, e-commerce and navigation are provided through mobile applications, these applications process various categories of users’ personal data depending on the nature of the services they offer.
The society in which we live is constantly changing and evolving, and these changes also affect the legal system. In response to changing social needs, the legislature enacts new laws and introduces amendments to existing regulations. Whether and to what extent these new rules, once they enter into force, should alter the legal position that existed under the previous regulations remains an ongoing debate in legal scholarship and practice.
Upon the entry into force of the Code of Civil Procedure Nr. 6100 in 2011, one of the most significant innovations introduced into Turkish civil procedural law was the action for an unliquidated claim, set out under Article 107 of the Code of Civil Procedure (“CCP”).
The transformation of technological innovations into economic value depends not only on the development of an innovation but also on its ability to be used by other undertakings. When an undertaking holding a patent, design right, know-how, or copyright in software makes a technological innovation available to another undertaking through licensing, this may increase production capacity, accelerate the market entry of new products, and enable the same technology to be applied across different sectors.
As a preliminary matter, it is necessary to explain the territorial scope of the application of criminal laws. The territorial application of criminal laws refers to the determination of which criminal law applies to an offence committed in a particular place.
The year 2026, much like the preceding years, witnessed significant developments relating to the Competition Board’s investigations, formal investigations, and commitment procedures across a wide range of sectors. The Board’s decisions primarily focused on companies' market conduct, allegations of abuse of dominant position, anti-competitive agreements and practices, and the effective use of the commitment mechanism.
The right to annual paid leave is one of the fundamental rights afforded to employees to enable them to rest physically and mentally after working throughout the year, and it is also guaranteed under the Constitution. Paragraph 3 of Article 50 of the Constitution provides that “All workers have the right to rest and leisure.”, thereby placing employees’ right to rest under constitutional protection and recognizing it as one of the social and economic rights.
As one of the types of negotiable instruments, a cheque is a widely used means of payment in commercial transactions due to its negotiability and the legal protection it provides.
Although employer representatives act for and on behalf of the employer, they retain their status as employees by virtue of working under an employment contract. However, under certain circumstances, their entitlement to job security may be affected. Accordingly, it is important to clarify the circumstances under which employer representatives are entitled to benefit from job security and those under which they are excluded from such security.