As a preliminary matter, it is necessary to explain the territorial scope of the application of criminal laws. The territorial application of criminal laws refers to the determination of which criminal law applies to an offence committed in a particular place.
The year 2026, much like the preceding years, witnessed significant developments relating to the Competition Board’s investigations, formal investigations, and commitment procedures across a wide range of sectors. The Board’s decisions primarily focused on companies' market conduct, allegations of abuse of dominant position, anti-competitive agreements and practices, and the effective use of the commitment mechanism.
The right to annual paid leave is one of the fundamental rights afforded to employees to enable them to rest physically and mentally after working throughout the year, and it is also guaranteed under the Constitution. Paragraph 3 of Article 50 of the Constitution provides that “All workers have the right to rest and leisure.”, thereby placing employees’ right to rest under constitutional protection and recognizing it as one of the social and economic rights.
As one of the types of negotiable instruments, a cheque is a widely used means of payment in commercial transactions due to its negotiability and the legal protection it provides.
Although employer representatives act for and on behalf of the employer, they retain their status as employees by virtue of working under an employment contract. However, under certain circumstances, their entitlement to job security may be affected. Accordingly, it is important to clarify the circumstances under which employer representatives are entitled to benefit from job security and those under which they are excluded from such security.
Article 531 of the Turkish Commercial Code Nr. 6102 (“TCC”) grants minority shareholders of incorporated companies the right to seek the dissolution of the company where just grounds exist.
The conditions governing the removal of online content are set forth in Articles 8 and 9 of Law Nr. 5651, while the mechanisms of access blocking or content removal for the purpose of remedying violations of personal rights committed through the internet are set out under Article 9 of the same Law.
The appointment of a trustee to administer a company is a special protective measure, as set out under Article 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. This measure is available only in relation to the offences exhaustively listed under the Code and may be imposed only where the statutory requirements are satisfied.
Technological advancements have led to the relocation of many economic and commercial activities to digital environments, while also enabling the organization of betting and games of chance via the internet. In this context, the ability of betting companies operating abroad to reach users located in Türkiye through their websites has significantly contributed to the proliferation of illegal betting activities in the digital sphere.
The family is regarded as the fundamental unit of society, and the institution of marriage constitutes one of the most significant components of this structure protected by law. The Turkish Civil Code proceeds on the premise that marriage imposes reciprocal rights and obligations upon the spouses and accordingly regulates their duties to live together, to act in solidarity, to remain faithful to one another, and to preserve the family union.
Labor law is a special branch of law that takes into account the economic and social imbalance of power between employees and employers and contains mandatory provisions designed to protect employees. Due to this protective structure, freedom of contract between the parties is not absolute. In particular, in matters directly affecting employees’ fundamental rights, working conditions, and economic interests, the validity of employees’ prior consent is subject to certain limitations.
In the case law of the Court of Cassation, actions for annulment of disposition are defined as a type of action whereby assets and rights, or the values replacing them, which have been removed from the debtor’s estate with the intent to prejudice the creditor, are restored to the debtor’s estate through a lawsuit brought by the creditor whose rights have been adversely affected by such disposition, for the purpose of enabling the recovery of the claim.